How Nelson Mandela used Rugby to unify South Africa Essay -- Politics,

In the wake of going through twenty-seven years in jail, Nelson Mandela was discharged from jail on February 11, 1990. In 1991, Nelson Mandela was picked to become leader of the African National Congress. In 1993, Mandela and South African President F.W. de Klerk reported an understanding that the African National Congress and the National Party structure a transitional government, viably finishing politically-sanctioned racial segregation and opening the political procedure to every South African (Williamson). Mandela was chosen President of South Africa in 1994, and de Klerk turned into his first delegate. In any case, even with politically-sanctioned racial segregation canceled, South Africa was as yet a partitioned nation. Mandela’s lawful counsel, Nicholas Haysom, stated, â€Å"South Africa in 1994 was a nation that was part, generally, socially, racially, thus numerous other ways.† Within South Africa, there was a huge division among blacks and whites, and Mandela ’s work was to unite them. One way that Nelson Mandela united South Africa was through rugby. While this would appear to be an impossible method to facilitate the racial pressure, rugby was a critical piece in the unification of South Africa. While Mandela was serving his time in jail, the universal network started to squeeze South Africa to discharge him and end politically-sanctioned racial segregation. To ensure their weight was felt, restricting countries, particularly New Zealand, started fiercely fighting when the Springboks visited to play (30for30). The Springboks, South Africa’s national rugby crew, were prohibited from rugby in 1981. The boycott was expected to influence the white South Africans and give the dark South Africans influence to use in arrangements to end politically-sanctioned racial segregation. In 1992, after Mandela was liberated, the African National Congress denied the restriction on rugby... ...any, 1994. Print. Mandela, Nelson. Mandela An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994. Print. Sampson, Anthony. Mandela The Authorized Biography. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knoff, 1999. Print. Nelson Mandela: initiation discourse (1994). World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Nelson Mandela: discourse on his discharge from jail (1990). World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Taylor, Paul. Father of His Country. Washington Post (Washington, DC). Feb. 13 1994: Mag. Sec. 10+. SIRS Researcher. Web. 30 Aug 2011. Williams, Michael W. Nelson Mandela. Great Lives from History: The Twentieth Century. Ed. Robert F. Gorman. 10 vols. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 2008. Salem History Web. 30 Aug. 2011. Carlin, John. Playing the Enemy. New York: The Penguin Press, 2008. Print.

Web Software Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Web Software Testing - Research Paper Example In addition, all the appropriate tests are performed by affirmed test systems on endorsed experiments. In any case, the product testing procedure can be helped with programming apparatuses that can be utilized so as to make the product testing process mechanized (Mustafa, Al-Qutaish, and Muhairat, 2009; Pressman, 2001). Electronic programming applications are one of the most developing kind of programming frameworks now a days. What's more, these web applications have been worked to help wide scope of exercises, for example, business related exchanges, for example, item deal, exchanges and conveyance, logical procedures, for example, data move and sharing, and clinical related exercises, for example, master framework based judgments. In view of the importance of these exercises in regular daily existence, broken web applications may have negative effect on organizations, economies, logical development. Thus, a web application must be totally tried to ensure that the web application is solid and conforms to its unique necessities (Qian, Miao, and Zeng, 2007; Mao, 2009). The properties of web applications incorporate distributive nature, hypermedia, and multi-stage, dynamic, the likelihood to produce programming segments at run time (web administrations) and connection with an enormous number of clients. Moreover, web applications are unique in relation to the conventional programming as in their working surroundings are consistently different, heterogeneous and autonomous. In this situation, web applications ought to be custom fitted to such heterogeneous and various customer conditions, to fulfill the various prerequisites of the clients. In any case, the principle focal point of web applications remains as a rule on the data distribution, looking, and ordering when contrasted with the customary programming. This makes their functionalities nearly more vulnerable however requires quicker up-dating speeds in their substance and

How to Write Counterargument and Refutation in an Essay Samples

How to Write Counterargument and Refutation in an Essay SamplesIf you are a student or a teacher, it is necessary to know how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay. This is important because, if you do not, you will fall into the trap of arguing for a point of view in your essay and avoiding discussing the other side of the topic. So, the key is to know how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples.What is a counter argument? It is when you take one point of view and portray that point of view as the true one. This is a basic rule of writing but, if you want to know how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples, you should study other writers so that you can use their knowledge to help your own essay.You should know how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples because, if you make a mistake in this, it can affect the way your students and your readers think about the topic. You might be wondering why. Th e reason is because, when you don't do this properly, your essay will look so biased towards one side that, they will no longer listen to your students. In other words, they will take the views that are opposite to yours to the point where, they are disinterested in what you have to say.So, the simple rule in writing for counter argument and refutation in an essay samples is to make sure that you are actually presenting the facts without any bias. This will give a more interesting and more engaging essay to read. In fact, this is easier said than done.There is a proper homework that you can do before you go about writing a counter argument and refutation in an essay. Do a bit of research on the topics that you are going to write about. Read books, newspapers, magazines, websites, blogs, blogs and e-mails. See if there are other opinions and see if the points of view are well documented.You can also check out the various opinions on the matter of the subject. See if the common argume nts have been debunked. You can also check out forums on the Internet and see if the topic has been discussed or debated at all. You will find that there are several blogs that discuss the same topic so, you will be able to have an idea of what the others think about the matter.Then, you can start to see if there are only two points of view about the subject of the essay and, then, you can study how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples by knowing the different types of counter arguments. These can include the neutral point of view, the actualist point of view, the issue of consensus, the individualists point of view, the difference between fact and opinion, the philosophical viewpoint, and finally, the logical debate viewpoint. Now, after you know the various viewpoints, you can further improve your writing skills. Study how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples to be able to present them effectively.So, the next time you are teachi ng an essay, you should know how to write a counter argument and refutation in an essay samples. This will enable you to avoid the mistakes that can really spoil the flow of the essay.

Gay Porn And Pornography - 1280 Words

Pornography as an industry that has the ability to shape and mold pre-teen and young-adult lives. Queer porn exists as a fetish, arguably for heterosexual individuals more-so than homosexual individuals. Pornography serves as a mechanism for learning about sex and sexual acts for almost all individuals trying to figure out their bodies, but what does this industry actually promote? Gay pornography, as a focus, has formational ties to dominance, the socially constructed closet, and queer death as a whole. Porn exists as a pleasure system that suffices to satisfy sexual proclivities. To get to the root of how porn creates the want for dominance, we also must consider the differences that exists between gay porn and lesbian porn. Lesbian†¦show more content†¦Bersani also speaks about how â€Å"†¦the moral taboo on ‘passive’ anal sex† and how to be penetrated is equal to relinquishing power. The power dynamic that is projected through gay porn also serv es as anti-female propaganda. The submissive party is usually portrayed as weak, having no control, and the sexual acts are more likely to be seen as being forced upon this individual. From a heterosexual standpoint, the woman is the submissive party. In today’s society, a woman is arguably the worst thing someone can be, so when submissiveness is connected to the insertee, one may tend to link that to femininity; the worst thing one can have, assuming femininity is linked to womenhood. While pornography works as a pleasure system, it can also work as a means of support for individuals who are not open with their sexuality. The closet is a socially constructed safety net that protects queer individuals. Positive queer representation in the media is almost non-existent, but pornography allows queer individuals to see themselves on a national platform. When queer characters are incorporated in books and on the screen, they usually have tragedy connected to them. In a way, becau se of this, porn can be seen as liberating; it is a platform that embraces homosexuality and doesn’t conclude with queer death or disaster. No, gay pornography is not the saving-grace in terms of queer representation, but as discussed in The CelluloidShow MoreRelatedPornography Is A Complex Topic1541 Words   |  7 PagesPornography is a complex topic. Anti-pornography feminists claimed that pornography may cause serious problem such as gender inequality thus opposed its existence while other feminists may disagree with those claims from disagreeing with one specific argument to claiming the benefit of pornography (Saul, 2003). Historically, women are excluded from the pornography consumer sitting. However, some people began to notice the demand of women in sexual fantasy space in this century. Some published worksRead MoreEthics on Pornography1526 Words   |  7 Pagespaper 1ST draft ETHICS OF PORNOGRAPHY Everybody knows something about porn. But what is porn really? 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Pro Pornography Strip clubs, gentlemen’s clubs, chipRead MoreEverybody Knows Big Porn Is Destroying Relationships Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesPornography is defined as the representation in books, magazines, photographs, films, and other media of scenes of sexual behaviour that are erotic or lewd and are designed to arouse sexual interest (Legal Dictionary, 2014). In 2002, the adult film industry accumulated an average 3.9 billion dollar profit, and this figure has almost tripled since (Forbes Magazine, 2002). Pornography is misconceived within society as a violent and demoralising form of adult entertainment, and can be perceived as aRead MorePornography In The Media1532 Words   |  7 Pages Pornography is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. Pornography may be presented in a variety of media, including books, magazines, postcards, photographs, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, writing, film, video, and video games. 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On top of that, they are faced with unequal treatment within the business all due to details that distinguish them from what makes him man and what makes her woman; their gender. In this research paper I plan on covering the following issues: learn which gender brings the adult industry more money, uncover whether gay men or straight men earn more money in the

Airline Pricing And The Game Of Yield Management - 1107 Words

Airline Pricing and the Game of Yield Management For the past few decades, the airlines are looking for the possibility to improve their yield management to maximize their profit. In order to achieve it, they have started to develop the yield management analysis, to understand the best time to sell the flight tickets with higher or lower prices, so, helping them to decide properly. How can airline companies improve their yield management in order to increase their profit without demand analysis? According to the OpenStax College, economists have defined the term demand as â€Å"the amount of some good or service consumers are willing and able to purchase at each price . . . [and] based on needs and wants . . . [and] based on an ability to pay† (2014, Demand for Goods and Services section, para. 1). Thus, is possible to consider the demand analysis as a useful tool which airline companies can adopt to fully understand the main microeconomic aspects that are being affected by the behavior of their customers and also, their final results. This paper intends to examine whether the elasticity of demand plays a role in profit maximization, whether the practice of business behavior pricing is reflected in the principles, and how price discrimination helps airline companies to reach their objective in profit maximization. A way to comprehend the connection between the elasticity of demand and the profit maximization, it is needed first to conceptualize the ‘demand’ in terms of economicShow MoreRelatedAmerican Airlines Case Study1780 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction This case study is about competition between American Airlines (AAL) and other airlines, as well as the way AAL behaved in the face of new entries of low cost carriers (LLC) at AAL’s Dallas Fort-Worth (DFW) hub. In this case study, economy of scope produced by a hub, the use of information technology (IT) as a competitive advantage, and the use of loyalty program are discussed. AAL’s use of predatory pricing to drive out existing competitors, its reputation for predation, and the argumentsRead MoreHow to Increase ancillary Service Revenue of easyJet6260 Words   |  26 PagesTHE PROPOSAL An Investigation into Easy Jet airlines customer satisfaction, as a result of their strategic low cost carrier business model, of implementing budget pricing and ancillary services to increase profitability and market competitiveness. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIRLINE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Being on par in terms of price and quality only gets you into the game. Service and customer satisfaction wins the game. (Alessandra, 2003, p.1). Within today’s worldsRead MoreHow Dynamic Real Time Ticket Pricing?3578 Words   |  15 Pagesefficient pricing mechanisms, especially in the face of demand uncertainty. Beginning in the 1980s, airlines started implementing dynamic pricing, utilizing what is commonly known as yield management or revenue management systems. Airlines engaged in intra-firm price dispersion, selling buckets of seats at different prices. This sort of pricing mechanism has been shown to be effective in increasing profits in the face of aggregate demand uncertainty. Following in the footsteps of the airlines, severalRead MoreCompetitive Strategy for Low Cost Airlines4132 Words   |  17 PagesProceedings of the 13th Asia Pacific Management Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2007, 431-436 Competitive Strategy for Low Cost Airlines Hongwei Jiang RMIT University, Australia Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify challenge faced to Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) or Low-Cost Airlines and provide new insights into the development and competitive strategy for LCCs. LCCs are still a relatively new phenomenon in Australia since Virgin Blue and Jetstar came to the market. 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INTRODUCTION 1 A low-cost carrier (also known as a no-frills or discount carrier) is an airline that offers low fares but eliminates all â€Å"non-essential† services. The typical low-cost carrier business model is based on: – – – a single passenger class aRead MoreStrategic Management in a Global Context8532 Words   |  35 PagesStrategic Management in A Global Context Instructor: Mark Louis Ulrich Team Project By: Amer Nasser Hanh Nguyen Lars Boelke Wila Yu Airline Industry History: The first ever scheduled airline was launched in St. Petersburg, Florida, a city not generally considered that can boast of an aviation. But on January 1, 1914, the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line was born there--the world s first scheduled airline using winged aircraft. A plaque on the entrance to St. Petersburg InternationalRead MoreAir Asia vs Mas5156 Words   |  21 Pagescompetitive pressure under which airlines all around the world seem to be. 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How Social Class And Race Limits Opportunity - 1567 Words

How social class and race limits opportunity in education America’s education system is one of the most respectable, reputable and sought after commodities in our society, but it is also the most overcrowded, discriminatory, and controversial system ever established. Most people yearn for a higher education because it s what s expected in this society in order to get ahead. It means a better job, more money, power, prestige and a sense of entitlement. But this system has let down the children that are supposed to benefit from it. Education discriminates against minorities, and poorer class students are not expected nor encouraged to attain a higher education. The education system is set up to ensure that every child get a basic†¦show more content†¦She herself was put in the education system thinking she must assimilate, but with perseverance and the determination to succeed on her own terms, she was seen as the exception in her culture. Being the exception, angered Hooks and made her more determined to help children rid th emselves of this stereotype. Being successful in education means it was hard fought and deserved not just an exception. In trying to establish an identity that borders their own culture and one that s accepted within the education system, children are often teased, ridiculed, and mocked. This continues until they conform to the behavior accepted by their peers. Children are often taught to disregard family values and traditions which undermines a child s character. Having a teacher or peer reinforce the fact that their behavior isn t acceptable has devastating and lasting effects on children because they don t know any better. Language is a good example of a difficulty a minority child might have when encountering an educational setting. In order to be successful, a child must have the opportunity to relate both with their community and their educational system to take one away with little explanation leaves a child confused. As Bell Hooks says, that to deny ourselves daily use of s peech patterns that are common and familiar, that embody the unique and distinctive aspect of our self is one of the ways we become estranged and alienated

Why I Want to Be an Ota free essay sample

When I was seven my papaw had a stroke. He stayed in the hospital a few weeks and when he came home he had a new bed and bars in the bathroom. Michael started coming to papaws not long after that. It was confusing and difficult to watch Michael help papaw out of bed, or brush his teeth, or tie his shoes. Over time we began to notice improvements. Papaw needed help with his buttons but not his shirt. Michael would make the coffee but papaw could pour it. By the time papaw died he needed much less therapy but we still saw Michael every few weeks. The patience, compassion and encouragement of one person improved my familys last years with its patriarch in countless ways. It was this improvement that inspired me to pursue a career as an occupational therapist assistant. Occupational therapy assistants (OTAs) provide rehabilitative services to persons with mental, physical, emotional, or developmental impairments. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Be an Ota or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Occupational Outlook Handbook) As an OTA I will be responsible for the hands-on portion of a patients therapy as well as all documentation on a patients progress and changes to therapy that are needed. Once certified, COTAs face no shortage of employment options. In 2008, OTA was named as one of the fifty fastest-growing recession-proof Jobs with an annual percentage growth of over twenty-five percent. (Biotech Week) These positions can be held in uch places as nursing care facilities, elementary and secondary schools, hospitals, or outpatient care centers. An OTA can look forward to an average annual salary of over fifty thousand dollars with offices of other health care practitioners offering the highest average salary. The growth of this field is even more advantageous locally, with Ohio having the highest concentration of workers in this occupation in the United States. (OOH) Possible local employers include Select Specialty Hospital, a long term acute care hospital, and CareTenders, a member of Almost Family which is leading provider of home health nursing, rehabilitation and personal care services. An OTA has to have a wide variety of skills at their disposal to handle changing environments and problems that arise in a variety of patients therapy. They have to be dependable and honest since they are required to work directly with patients with little to no supervision. An OTA needs to have a high level of self control and the ability to be flexible considering therapy can be decidedly frustrating for patients who have lost independence and mobility and must now rely on others. (O*NET OnLine) Being a good student is paramount due to an OTA being expected to continue professional development by participating in continuing education courses and workshops in order to maintain certification. OOH) Lives are changed everyday by occupational therapy assistants. I have the dedication, compassion, and ability to celebrate every miniscule improvement needed to become a successful OTA. This a quickly growing field where I can use the papaws life through occupational therapy and the way every advancement in mobility or independence was as exciting as it would be with a new born. Michael became as close as family through his work with papaw . I want to touch lives.

Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s

Introduction Since historical times, sporting activities have played a significant role in human society. Games have been used for enjoyment purposes by the community. Sports have also been used to promote social cohesion since they serve as a platform for the community to come together and interact as they play or support their teams.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nations have also used sporting activities as a political tool. Through international sporting competitions, nations have cemented their bonds with each other or enhanced their international image. In the Nineteenth century, sports played a crucial role in Australian Society. Specifically, Cricket, which grew to become the national sport, played a significant role in the Australia during the period of 1930s. Historians consider the early 1930s as the highest point in Austr alian cricket. This is the period when Australian test cricket achieved some of its most remarkable through legendary players such as Don Bradman. This paper will argue that cricket played a significant role in Australia during the 1930s. The paper will illustrate how the game influenced the social and political aspects of Australian society and played a role in the development of a national identity. History of Cricket in Australia Cricket was introduced to Australia in the eighteenth century by British settlers. This early introduction was greatly influenced by the popularity of the sport in the English motherland. Macintyre (2004) observes that for the early British settler, playing cricket in the alien and seemingly hostile continent served as a way of creating â€Å"Englishness† in the Antipodes and establishing some sense of normalcy (Molony, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The impact of Britain in Australia’s early cricket can be seen from the fact that the first cricket clubs in Australia adopted English names and the constitutions used by these clubs were copied word for word from the English cricket constitutions. The rules of the game were also similar to those of England and the early players were primarily Anglo Saxon. Cricket was promoted in Australia as a superior game because of its English associations (Harte, 1993). The sport was presented as a manly game that assisted in building character. It also expressed the deep bonds of empire between Australia and Britain. While originally considered the most â€Å"English of English Games† by Australians, Cricket evolved into a national and distinctively Australian game by the 1930s. The Australians were able to embrace the game and give it a local taste (Harte, 1993). Unlike in England where the game was mostly played by middle class gentlemen, Australian cricket was open to all members of the society (Connell Irving, 1980). The game became an obsession for many Australians who played the game in their towns and villages and followed the matches of their national team religiously. In spite of the evolution of a uniquely Australian cricket in the country, the mark of imperialism and Anglo dominance remained. Role of Cricket in the 1930s Cricket was by far the most popular sport in Australia during the period of 1930s. The sport was used as a pastime activity by many individuals and cricket clubs emerged throughout the colony. The national team was in its best form and it held many high profile matches with teams from other countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australians citizens followed the progress of their national team and took great pride in its achievements. Due to this prominence of cricket, it influenced a number of areas in Australia Society. Political Influence Cricket in the 1930s served as the lens through which the changing relationship between Australia and its mother country Britain was viewed. As a British colony, Australia had traditionally played a secondary role to Britain. However, the 1930s were characterized by rising nationalistic sentiments among the Australians. Australian politicians wanted to establish an international image that was divorced from their Britain dependence. Cricket provided a potent means for achieving this and demonstrating Australian sovereignty. In the 1930s, Australia had not yet existed officially as a nation. Twomey (2011) reveals that Australia was a British colony until sometime after 1931 when the country became an independent nation. The politicians in the country constantly used cricket to announce to the world that Australia was an independent and successful country. Wagg (2005) documents that using the figures of cricket stars such as Victor Trumper, Bradman, Keith Miller, and Alan Border; the political elite were able to create the vision of a glorious history and a unified and triumphant nation. Cricket affected the diplomatic relations between England and Australia in the early 1930s. The game led to the development of bitter disputes between Australia and England. This dispute led to a brief deterioration in the relationship between Australia and England. The dispute surrounded the use of highly dangerous tactics by the English cricket team in their attempt to defeat the world’s greatest batman, Australia’s Donald Bradman (Cathcart, 1988). The England captain, Douglas Jardine devised a tactic to deal with the threat of the Australian superior batting.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This tactic, referred to as bodyline, engaged the issuing of fast, short-pitched deliveries directly on a line with the batsman’s body. This tactic was meant to put at risk the safety of the Australian batsman, and therefore prompt him to defend himself and hopefully deflect the ball via bat or glove. The method was highly effective and the visiting English team achieved success in the 1932 match against Australia. However, the method led to the serious injury of the Australian wicketkeeper, Bert Oldfield who was struck on the head by a ball leading to a fractured skull. The controversy over the bodyline technique upset the friendly relations that existed between the two countries as Australians protested against the unsportsmanlike conduct of the English team. Cricket influenced the political scenes of the 1930s by bringing together political antagonists. By the 1930s, Australian cricket had become recognisably Australian and it was regarded as the national sport. The sport had supporters from all sections of Australian society. Cricket had powerful supporters in the political field with the dominant Labour Party leader John Curtin and the Leader of the Opposition, Dr. Evatt being strong supporters of the sport. Cricket assisted in the mending of relationships between politicians who were great antagonists. Stoddart and Sandiford (1998) declare that the deep involvement in cricket by rival politicians helped them establish a common ground and cultivate a good relationship in spite of their differing political perspectives. The unifying action of cricket therefore contributed to the amicable relationship enjoyed by some of Australia’s politicians in the 1930s. Cricket played a role in Australia’s quest to challenge Britain’s global supremacy. Throughout the eighteenth century and much of the nineteenth century, Britain acted as the global power exerting her influence on a global scale. Australia had been a British Colony and Imperia l tendencies were strong in the relationship between the two nations. The British motherland acted as the authority in politics, military, and economics. Her value system was regarded as the standard for the modern world. Bateman (2013) records that the post World War I Australian Test victories were problematic for the British establishment, which was anxious that the Empire and its value system should retain hegemony in a global context (Armstrong, Thompson, 2005). The British Empire had long used athleticism as an expression of its superiority and power in a global context. The humiliating home defeat suffered by England at the hands of Australia in 1930 led to an embattlement of the British establishment’s value system. Cricket helped Australia to assert her growing dominance in worldwide affairs. Social Influence Cricket helped to enhance the social cohesion of Australians in the 1930s. At this point in time, the global community was experiencing the effects of the great depression. Many Australians had suffered from severe loss of investments while many more had lost their sources of livelihood. Bateman (2013) documents that at the height of the Depression, Australia was suffering over 30% unemployment and widespread and intense social deprivation. Cricket served as a source of hope and inspiration for Australians at a time of great economic difficulty. Ward (2009) documents that for many Australians, the woes of the Depression could be forgotten for a while as they cheered their team during the Melbourne Cup or talked about their sporting hero Don Bradman (Blackman Chapman, 2004). Stories of the extraordinary performances of the Australian team at Test series’ against major cricket nations such as England inspired thousands of Australians. Due to the heartening role that cricket played, some historians go as far as to credit the game with helping to prevent social unrest during the 1930s (Bateman, 2013). Cricket served a great moral purpo se for the Australian society during the 1930s. As has been noted, the early 1930s were plagued by financial difficulties. The late 1930s witnessed the outbreak of the devastating Second World War. In this tumultuous decade, cricket made a significant contribution to the happiness of Australians. When talking about the great contribution by cricket to Australian society, the politician and great cricket enthusiast Dr. H.V. Evatt declared that â€Å"cricket has no equal in its sustained contribution to the happiness of our countrymen. In the bleakest months memories of the great Test and the great cricketers were often a solace, always holding out a sure and certain hope for the future† (Evatt, 1949, p. 1). Cricket served to create a sense of equality in the Australian nation. In Britain, cricket was a sport for the middle and upper class gentlemen and few lower class Britons were involved in the sport. This class restriction was shattered in Australian cricket. From its early days, Australian cricket was egalitarian in nature and it was played in cities as well as the countryside. The sport attracted men of different social standings; from gentlemen in society to mean of trade. The game attracted male players from a variety of social backgrounds and regions therefore presenting an image of equality in Australia. The impressive Cricket performance by Australian teams in the 1930s promoted the widespread development of mass media in Australia. While mass media means such as newspapers were already established in Australia by the 1930s, the reach of these outlets was not very expansive. Cricket created a demand for news as Australians wanted to follow the exploits of their national team. Newspapers provided people with extensive coverage of the game and numerous commentaries were published on the sport. Mandle (1973) reveals that local newspapers printed commentaries written by Britain commentators to the British audience. These commentaries often derided the achievements of the Australian team. The new technology of radio also emerged as an efficient means of disseminating news of cricket. Households invested in radios in order to listen to live commentaries of the games featuring the Australian teams. Cricket was used to demonstrate the superiority of new technological and industrial processes. Sports have always been characterized by the probability of human error. Players are expected to make mistakes during their games and this unreliability contributes to the unpredictability of game results. In the 1930s, the Australian cricket legend, Donald Bradman demonstrated the greater efficiency of routine and mechanical playing. The renowned newspaper columnist Neville Cardus asserted that â€Å"Bradman was the summing-up of the Efficient Age which succeeded the Golden Age† (Cardus, 1940, p.42). Bradman’s flawless technique represented a new age of machine efficiency and he therefore became a signifier of the contemporary dominance of new technology and industry in Australia. National Identify Cricket played a major role in reaffirming the racial equality of the White Australians to the whites in the Britain motherland. In the 19th century, there was fear that the Australian environment had an effect on the Whites. Specifically, there was a feeling that White Australians were inferior to Britons due to their long isolation from the motherland. Cricket played an integral role in reassuring the national psyche of their â€Å"British-ness† (Mandle, 1973). Colonial cricketing victories reinforced the notion that British blood still flowed strong in the white Australian’s veins. Contests against England held great significance as deep nationalism sentiments developed in Australia. The country was attempting to define its identity as a nation and the game of cricket presented a means through which this could be achieved. Many Australians regarded a victory by their national team against Engl and as proof that Australia was a greater force than the older country, Britain (Mallett, 2000). Cricket victory was synonymous with political, military, and even artistic superiority to England. The superb performance of the Australian teams throughout the 1930s was seen as a demonstration of Australian excellence by countrymen and politicians. The 1930s was a period of great growth and achievement for Australian cricket. The brilliance of individual cricketers such as Bradman, Gregory, and McDonald led to many successes by the Australian team (Evatt, 1949). Cricket in the 1930s served as a vehicle for an emerging Australian inter-colonial unity. The sport served to diminish the inter-colonial jealousies that had plagued Australia at the turn of the nineteenth century. Stoddart and Sandiford (1998) assert that the success of the Australian team against the motherland provided a â€Å"symbol of what national co-operation could achieve – the best example of Federation yetâ₠¬  (p. 44). By being able to match and beat the best English teams, Australia was able to demonstrate to its citizens and the international community the positive results of national cooperation. Discussion The 1930s marked the best times in Australian Cricket and the decade was marked by momentous achievements of the Australian national team. This led to a cementing of cricket as the national sport. Over the decades, cricket has established itself as the cornerstone sport in Australian culture. Australians revere this sport with the past victories being remembered and celebrated. However, the significance of cricket in the country has not grown through the decades. Wagg (2005) laments that in spite of being the national sport, cricket has failed to attract new communities in present day Australia. Majority of the sport’s enthusiasts are Anglo-Saxon and the participation rates in the sport have been declining through the decade. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss the r ole that cricket played in Australia during the 1930s. The paper began by articulating the importance of sporting activities in modern society. It then proceeded to offer a historical overview of the conditions of Cricket in Australia. The paper has discussed how Australia was able to take up the English sport cricket, and develop it into a national and distinctively Australian game. It then highlighted how the 1930s were a special time for Australia cricketing. The paper demonstrated that during this period, the sport had gained enormous popularity and Australia had one of the strongest teams in the world. A discussion of the significant political influence that the game had in this period has been offered. The paper has also highlighted the huge social influence exerted by the sport. However, the sport has faced a decline in popularity over the decades and it no longer holds the sway it did in the 1930s. Given this trend, it is hard to envision cricket regaining the prominence it had in the 1930s and having as huge a social and political influence as it had in that decade. References Armstrong, G., Thompson, P. (2005). Melbourne Cup 1930: How Phar Lap won Australia’s Greatest Race. NSW: Allen and Unwin. Bateman, A. (2013). Cricket Literature and Culture: Symbolising the Nation Destabilising Empire. Sydney: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Blackman, J., Chapman, B. (2004). The Value of Don Bradman: Additional Revenue in Australian Ashes Tests. Economic Papers, 23 (2), 369–85. Cardus, N. (1940). The Golden Age of Cricket. Popular Culture, 9 (4), 41-50. Cathcart, M. (1988). Defending the National Tuckshop: Australia’s Secret Army Intrigue of 1931. Adelaide: McPhee Gribble. Connell, R.W., Irving, T.H. (1980). Class Structure in Australian History. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1980. Evatt, V.E. (1949). Cricket and the British Commonwealth. Web. Harte, C. (1993). A History of Australian Cricket. London: Andre Deutsch. Macintyre, S. (2004). A Concise History of Australia. Cambridge and Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Mallett, A. (2000). Bradman’s Band. Queensland: Univ. of Queensland Press. Mandle, W. F. (1973). Cricket and Australian Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 59 (4), 225-46. Molony, J. (2005). Australia: Our Heritage. Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing. Stoddart, B., Sandiford, K.A. (1998). The Imperial Game: Cricket, Culture and Society Studies in Imperialism. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Twomey, A. (2011). We only became independent of Britain on this day in 1986. Web. Wagg, S. (2005). Cricket and National Identity in the Postcolonial Age: Following On. NY: Routledge. Ward, T. (2009). Sports images in a time of turmoil 1910-40. Soccer Society, 10 (5), 614-630. This essay on Role of Cricket in Australia during the 1930s was written and submitted by user Jamal Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rescale Test Scores by Using Sten Scores

Rescale Test Scores by Using Sten Scores Many times in order to make easy comparisons between individuals, test scores are rescaled.  One such rescaling is to a ten point system.  The result is called sten scores.  The word sten is formed by abbreviating the name standard ten. Details of Sten Scores A sten scoring system uses a ten point scale with a normal distribution. This standardized scoring system has a midpoint of 5.5.  The sten scoring system is normally distributed and then divided into ten parts by letting 0.5 standard deviations correspond to each point of the scale.  Our sten scores are bounded by the following numbers: -2, -1.5, -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 Each of these numbers can be thought of as z-scores in the standard normal distribution.  The remaining tails of the distribution correspond to the first and tenth sten scores. So less than -2 corresponds to a score of 1, and greater than 2 corresponds to a score of ten. The following list relates sten scores, standard normal score (or z-score), and the corresponding percent of ranking: Sten scores of 1 have z-scores less than -2 and consist of the first 2.3% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 2 have z-scores greater than -2 and less than -1.5 and consist of the next 4.4% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 3 have z-scores greater than -1.5 and less than -1 and consist of the next 9.2% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 4 have z-scores greater than -1 and less than -0.5 and consist of the next 15% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 5 have z-scores greater than -0.5 and less than 0 and consist of the middle 19.2% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 6 have z-scores greater than 0 and less than 0.5 and consist of the next 19.2% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 7 have z-scores greater than 0.5 and less than 1 and consist of the next 15% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 8 have z-scores greater than 1 and less than 1.5 and consist of the next 9.2% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 9 have z-scores greater than 1.5 and less than 2 and consist of the next 4.4% of ranked scores.Sten scores of 10 have z-scores greater than 2 and consist of the last 2.3% of ranked scores. Uses of Sten Scores The sten scoring system is used in some psychometric settings.  The use of only ten scores minimizes small differences between various raw scores.  For example, everyone with a raw score in the first 2.3% of all scores would be converted into a sten score of 1.  This would make the differences among these individuals indistinguishable on the sten score scale. Generalization of Sten Scores There is no reason that we must always use a ten point scale.  There may be situations in which we would want to have use  of more or fewer divisions in our scale.  For example, we could: use a five-point scale, and refer to stafive scores.use a six-point scale, and refer to stasix scores.use a nine-point scale, and refer to stanine scores. Since nine and five are odd, there is a midpoint score in each of these systems, unlike the sten scoring system.

Assignment african american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment african american history - Essay Example Although most people today believe slavery in America was confined to the south, Douglass witnessed many slaves being beaten during his early childhood in Maryland. He was often required to endure cold and hunger due to neglectful conditions in his northern home. When he was eight years old, he was sent to work for a ship’s carpenter in Baltimore. While there, he learned to read and write until his mistress was informed this was against the law. His experience in the city made him aware that not everyone bought into the idea of slavery. When Douglass was 15, his owner died and he was sent back to the farms. There, he was cruelly beaten by the slave-breaker Edward Covey until the day Douglass beat up Covey and tried to escape. He was caught and returned to slavery, but sent back to Baltimore. In Baltimore, Douglass borrowed the identification papers of a free sailor friend and successfully escaped on September 3, 1838. He began writing about his experience in 1845. Douglass’s narrative reveals the degree to which black people were made into beasts. Although his mother died when he was seven, he admits the news had almost no effect on him. This was because he had been separated from her since infancy. â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (Ch. 1). At this point, he’d also watched his aunt brutally whipped and he was working in the fields. Early separation from family destroyed any natural human feelings of attachment and removed any possible support. Cruel treatment kept him always in fear. Neglectful living conditions made him grateful for the smallest crust of bread. His description of the life of the slave reveals the need for and active encouragement of bestial

How Culture affects Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How Culture affects Anthropology - Essay Example Culture and society are different notions. If culture is a system of learned behavior perceptions and patterns, society is a group of interacting beings.   So animals also have societies. Though it is one of the prerogatives of human societies the ability to interact directly or indirectly with each other.   And one human society is distinguished from another one in terms of shared traditions and expectations.Despite the difference between human societies and cultures, they are closely interrelated because culture is created and transmitted to others in a society.   Cultures are not the product of separate individuals.   They are the permanently developing products of people interacting with each other.   Cultural patterns such as language and politics are useless except if they are not engaged in the interaction of people.   If you were the only human on earth, language or government would of no effect (Bernard, 1998, p. 14).The notion "culture" can be interpreted many d ifferent ways.   Some understand it as an opportunity to insight into a high-quality literature, art, music. Each science has its own understanding of culture. Cultural dimensions of logic, values and aesthetics are indeed of a great concern for philosophers. Social workers and people concerned themselves with the practical problems of minority groups also use this notion as a part of their stock in trade. Important research in medicine and in nutrition is oriented in cultural terms. On the other hand for anthropologists the notion "culture".... Cultures are not the product of separate individuals. They are the permanently developing products of people interacting with each other. Cultural patterns such as language and politics are useless except if they are not engaged in the interaction of people. If you were the only human on earth, language or government would of no effect (Bernard, 1998, p. 14). The notion "culture" can be interpreted many different ways. Some understand it as an opportunity to insight into a high-quality literature, art, music. Each science has its own understanding of culture. Cultural dimensions of logic, values and aesthetics are indeed of a great concern for philosophers. Social workers and people concerned themselves with the practical problems of minority groups also use this notion as a part of their stock in trade. Important research in medicine and in nutrition is oriented in cultural terms. On the other hand for anthropologists the notion "culture" generally means the full range of learned human behavior patterns (Bernard, 1998, p. 27). The term was first used in this meaning by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor. He defined culture as a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Of course, it is possessed and created not only by men but by women as well. The decisive term in this definition is "acquired." This underlines the feature that, as humans, we are not born with culture itself, but with the ability for culture. That is what we learn it, through our interactions and communication with other people in general. We practice the fundamental constituent of this learning in our childhood,

Mathematics subject Essay Example for Free

Mathematics subject Essay Write a simple sentence and then write the negation. Imagine situations where each statement is true or false. How does the truth value (true or false) of the negation statement compare with the truth value of the original statement? Simple sentence: Mathematics is an easy subject. Negation: Mathematics is not an easy subject. There are many situations in one’s life that is true or false. A proposition is a statement that is declarative in form and is either true or false. The truth value of a statement is unclear in real life due to some conditions and the reasoning of each and every people. Another is that the truth value of a statement may also depend on time and space. An example would be the statement â€Å"It is raining very hard. † The truth value of the statement is either true or false depending on the time and the location of the person mentioning the statement. A situation where each statement is true or false is that when there is a discussion between the existences of something like god. Each and every statement in this situation will be either true or false. The statement â€Å"God exists† can be true or false because no one really knows if god really exists. In the example, â€Å"Mathematics is an easy subject. † The truth value of the statement is either true or false. Also the negation of the sentence has a truth value of either true or false. If the truth value of the first statement is determined to be true, then the truth value of the negation will be false. On the other hand, if the truth value of the first statement is false then the truth value of the negation will be true.

A Truly Hawthorne Nation :: essays research papers

A TRULY HAWTHORNE NATION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people have had an effect on this country. The reason for this lies in our country’s youth. The United States formed at a time when technological advancements allowed many more people to leave a legacy in its dawning. These advancements led to a creation of literary history. I find it hard to say one person had a larger effect on anything than anyone else, but some people do seem to stand out more than others. In helping to form, or even by just translating how others helped to form this country, authors were able to compile a great deal of literature. This literature has left us a way to learn about our history and many of the important people in it. One of these important people, whom also happened to be an author, was Nathaniel Hawthorne. He wrote about his own experiences, including his observations of other people’s experiences. His life led him to the right places at the right times. Today anybody can pick up his works and take from them the knowledge of what it was like to live during his times. Anyone who reads his work inherits just a little bit of his style into their own writing. There is so much of his own work, on top of so much work pertaining to him, in this world that it is hard for him not to have made an impact on it. He has served as a translator, taking in the influences of his time and especially the people of his time, to in turn influence the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nathaniel Hathorne was born July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts(Carey ed. 6). Here alone is where he gained much of his influence, both through his family’s history, as well as in his own time. Much of his persona can be understood by knowing some facts of his life. His father died, while at sea, of yellow fever in 1808(Carey ed. 6). Due to a leg injury in 1813 Nathaniel was unable to attend school and was thus home taught by Joseph Worcester for a short time(online:Dates 1800 to 1900- a timeline from Nathaniel Hawthorne: 4/1/99). In 1819 he attended Samuel Archer’s School, in preparation for college(Martin 11). In 1820 he was tutored by Benjamin Oliver(11). He began his studies at Bowdoin in 1821, where he was privileged enough to work along side Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Franklin Pierce, and other great minds(Carey ed.

Home School vs Public School Essay

Have you ever wondered what the difference is between home schooling your children and sending them to a public school? How are there learning environments different and similar? How do they teach the state standards compared to teaching them yourself? What are the disadvantages and advantages of home schooling and public school? Doing the research yourself can be a waste of time sometimes or if you don’t have the time. The learning environment of public school is kind of a hassle. They teach the students as a whole, the students can ask for help if they are having trouble with what they are learning. Also public school pushes the students to do their best in class to make sure that they understand what they are working on. The teachers also allow the student to go to the library to learn more helpful things in life. If they can read on their own why not give them the chance to read as many books as they want and not limit them. Some teachers want to challenge the children in their reading and it also improves your children’s reading score and lets them understand and comprehend more words. Also public school is very good at socializing your children with other children there age and they make friends to play with each other. Home schooling environment is more on the pace of the adult that is teaching the children. The adult also chooses the setting to have the children in, as well as the environment could be in a loud place or a calm relaxing environment. Messing with the environment of the children can make it so that they end up misbehaving and not listening due to them being stressed. Home schooling background also makes it harder to socialize your children to other children there age and you could also cause issues with other children and your children. All schools follow a state standard that all students are supposed to pass without ease. Public schools follow a chart that states what the students need to learn that week, and that is what they should be learning and have it learned by the end of the that lesson week. If any student doesn’t completely understand the lessons that are told to leave the room and to go see a different teacher to have them explain it to them. As well if you were to fall behind in your school work, they normally don’t help you make it up, they will give you at least two days to get the work turned in or it would be counted as incomplete and that would lower your grade. You would have to get the notes from a friend to understand how to do the assignment, also you get a tutor that is easier to come to your home then to school for one on one learning. When you are the one that is teaching and you can teach at your own pace or the pace that your children want to learn the material. If they are grasping the concept very well without any issues then they could move onto a different lesson. As though there are some students that need the special help and you could be on that lesson or that material for a month. As long as you get the lessons for that whole year done then you would be on tract with the lessons. The advantages of a public school is to have some alone time with yourself and to have time away from the children and be able to run errands and go to doctor appointments without the kids. Being able to be alone in the house without children is the best time to clean and complete your grocery shopping. The disadvantages of public school are all the drama that occurs within the walls of the school. The administrators are also sometimes not the best people to have around your children. Sometimes how they treat their students due to them being out of school very often or if they are having a hard time in school and the teacher doesn’t not want to help. The advantages of home schooling would be having more family time and being able to monitor the progress of the children’s learning ability to read and to understand how to comprehend how they solve the work. Also if the child is sick you wouldn’t have to go pick them up from school, they would already be home. You wouldn’t also have to deal with the drama between your children and other children and the teachers. The disadvantages of home schooling is that you would very rarely get time alone without the children and it could stress you out and make you feel like you have been enclosed in a cocoon. Having the ability to send the children off to school and be able to be your own person and not have to listen to the children whine about something and to get them to understand what it is like to be socialized is all beneficial in the end. Having the ability to completely understand the difference between the two different types of schools that are out there to allow your children to go to and them enjoy either choice that you choose. With people having their own opinions about certain schools why not get the information straight from the information and based on what the opinions say. Having the feeling that you did your research and your children are getting the education that you would like them to have it a good feeling. Finding the right reasons and the wrong reasons for sending your children to a school that you have looked at is better than not knowing about it at all.

Technology And Its Effects On Human Interaction Essay

Members of society understand, or at least have heard someone in their lives say, technology is becoming a distraction to the human population rather than an advancement. As technology has progressed, it has increasingly become a larger and more intergraded part of our everyday lives. Americans think that technology is huge today, but technology will be even more advanced in several decades. There are some clear positives to technology, such as the ease of long distances communication and the accessibility of entertainment. Despite those useful aspects and many others, there are many people that think technology has a negative effect on human interaction. The main concern many people are discussing is whether technology has negatively affected how humans socially interact. If those concerns are truly a problem, how can society fix them without stopping the advancement in technology. The question asked by many professionals is if technology has inhibited human interact, more so looking at social interaction face to face. Society has gotten to a period where teenagers, or even young adults, have never experienced a time without technology. Todd Link, a writer for the Telegraph – Herald in Iowa, communicates in his article mainly about the effects of technology and what the older generations think in this technological era. â€Å"The older generation [is] venting frustration over the work habits, social skills and lack of face-to-face communication skills of other generations†Show MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Effect On Human Interaction1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthe day that technology will surpass our human interaction.† His brilliance shows in today’s era since now, technology predominates ordinary functions and paralyzes the ability for humans to ponder and generate originality. 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